Knowledge Base - Recent changes [en]

Water lettuce

2012-05-14T04:55:36Z

Water hyacinth

2012-05-14T04:53:38Z

Yellow Burrhead

2012-05-14T04:51:46Z

Description:

Yellow Burrhead

2012-05-14T04:51:15Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Limnocharis flava'' ==Description== This is a robust, erect, clump-forming perenni..."

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<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Limnocharis flava''

==Description==
This is a robust, erect, clump-forming perennial aquatic weed that is attached to the
waterway floor. It can grow up to 1 metre high and its stem has a milky sap.
Leaves are pale green, velvety and up to 28 centimetres long and 20 centimetres
wide with parallel veins. The leaf blade is narrow when young and becomes more
oval with age. They are arranged opposite each other on the stem.
Flowers during spring and summer and has up to 15 yellow, cup shaped flowers on
long triangular stalks arising in the leaf axils.
Seed capsules produced after flowering split into 12 to18 crescent shaped pieces
which contain numerous brown seeds.
Habitat it is found growing in saturated, fertile and muddy conditions.
Weed characteristics it can invade wetlands, rivers and dams. It can restrict water
flow and become a silt trap. It is a good breeding area for mosquitoes.
Dispersal it reproduces from cuttings, detached leaves and stems, and by the
numerous seeds. Seeds are spread by water, birds and animals and by mud sticking
to vehicles, machinery and foot wear.

==Declaration Details==
This species is a Class 1 declared plant under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
New infestations must be reported to Biosecurity Queensland on 13 25 23. The
plant must be identified and removed by approved officers and have their locations
recorded prior to removal. There are no herbicides currently registered for use
specifically for this plant. Hand removal of individual plants or small infestations is
recommended.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Glush Weed

2012-05-14T04:32:28Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Hygrophila costata'' ==Description== This is an erect, emergent herb which grows u..."

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<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Hygrophila costata''

==Description==
This is an erect, emergent herb which grows up to about 1 metre tall.

'''Larger''' stems can be quite robust.

'''Leaves''' grow in opposite pairs along the stem, are coarse in texture, have prominent
veins and a distinct midrib.

'''Flowers''' are papery, white flower whorls borne in the axils of the leaves that turn
brown upon maturity.

'''Habitat''' is a water plant but can grow along river banks.

'''Weed characteristics''' the aggressive growth of this plant poses a competitive
threat to native water plants. It forms mats of dense, floating growth at the edges of
freshwater lakes and rivers.

'''Dispersal''' stems sprout new roots from the nodes when in contact with soil.

==Declaration Details==
This species is a Class 1 declared plant under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
New infestations must be reported to Biosecurity Queensland on 13 25 23. The
plant must be identified and removed by approved officers and have their locations
recorded prior to removal. Mechanical or physical removal from waterways and
foliar spraying with an appropriate herbicide are effective treatments.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Prickly Pear

2012-05-14T04:13:07Z

How to act:

Prickly Pear

2012-05-14T04:12:24Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Opuntia monacantha, O. stricta, O. tomentosa'' ==Description== The term ‘prickly..."

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<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Opuntia monacantha, O. stricta, O. tomentosa''

==Description==
The term ‘prickly pear’ relates to the fruit that is often spiny and pear shaped.

'''Leaves''' it’s a leafless succulent shrub but stems are flat segments that can be
incorrectly called leaves. Young shoots have true leaves resembling small fleshy
scales that fall off as it matures.

'''Flowers''' are large, normally seen during spring and are yellow, orange, red, pink,
purple or white. Fruit can be red, purple, orange, yellow or green. Spots with
clusters of spines are found on the segments of the stem and fruit. Each of these
spots contains a growing point that can produce roots or shoots.

'''Fruits''' located on the ground can also take root and produce shoots.

'''Seeds''' have hard coats that allow them to survive heat and lack of water.

'''Habitat''' they are wide spread throughout the brigalow and other woodlands.

'''Weed characteristics''' it is drought resistant. Some species develop underground
bulbs that enable the plant to resist fire and mechanical damage.

'''Dispersal''' seeds are spread by birds and animals eating the fruit and excreting the
seed. Floods can also move broken segments long distances. Any part of the plant
located on the ground can take root and produce shoots.

==Declaration Details==
This species is a Class 2 declared plant under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
Hot fires, foliar spraying and chemical injection in the plant work well on infestations.
Mechanical treatments are not effective and can spread the weed further. The best
long term control is biological. However, this is often not effective in coastal areas
subject to salt-laden wind.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Weed Control

2012-05-14T04:10:56Z

Biological Control:

Townsville Town Common

2012-05-14T04:10:18Z

Harrissa Cactus

2012-05-14T04:01:52Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''H. martinin, H. tortuosa'' and ''H. pomanensis syn. Cereus pomanensis'' ==Descript..."

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''H. martinin, H. tortuosa'' and ''H. pomanensis syn. Cereus pomanensis''

==Description==
This is a perennial multi branched cactus with stems that form tangled mats about .5
high. Many branches lay flat and take root where they touch the ground.

'''Stems''' have 6 ribs with low, triangular humps. The humps have grey hairs at the base
of some sharp spines.

'''Flowers''' are large funnel shaped white and pink-tinged. They open at night. They
occur near the ends of the stem on a tube that is 12 to 15 centimetres long. It
flowers during spring and summer.

'''Fruits''' are round, red balls up to 5 centimetres wide and have scattered bumps with
hairs and spines.

'''Seeds''' are numerous, small and black. They are embedded in the white pulp of the
fruit which splits open when ripe.

'''Habitat''' this shade tolerant cactus occurs in softwood country and is also found in
open country under box and ironbark trees and in pine forests.

'''Weed characteristics''' are dense infestations that choke out pasture and injure
stock.

'''Dispersal''' seeds are spread by birds and animals. It can also reproduce by stem
sections taking root.

==Declaration Details==
This species is a Class 2 declared plant under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
Foliar spraying with an approved herbicide or basal barking is effective on this weed.
Ploughing out followed cropping can be effective. Two biological control agents
have provided control in some areas. An integrated approach using mechanical,
fire, chemical and biological control combined with pasture management is most
effective.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Blue Thunbergia

2012-05-14T03:39:06Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Thunbergia grandiflora'' ==Description== This is a vigorous perennial twining vine..."

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<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Thunbergia grandiflora''

==Description==
This is a vigorous perennial twining vine which grows to 15 metres. The branches
are 4 angled.

'''Leaves''' are up to 15 centimetres long and 10 centimetres wide and are arranged
opposite each other along the stem. They are broad-based narrowing to a pointed
tip, usually with deeply scalloped lobes towards the base.

'''Flowers''' are trumpet shaped as a short, broad tube, which is white on the outside
and yellowish inside. It expands to 5 rounded pale lavender-blue petals which are up
to 8 centimetres long. It flowers throughout the year.

'''Seed''' pods are cone shaped, 3 to 5 centimetres long with a rounded base. The seed
is flat, small and covered with brown scales.

'''Roots''' are tuberous and can grow to 70 kilograms.

'''Habitat''' it is found in lowland rainforest and river systems, cleared land, and
monsoon vine thickets

'''Weed characteristics''' it forms impenetrable colonies. It climbs and blankets native
vegetation often pulling down mature trees with its weight. It limits natural growth
of lower layers of vegetation. It spreads quickly, and the large tubers may cause
damage to structures.

'''Dispersal''' plant segments can be transported in soil or fill as well as floodwaters
along river banks.

==Declaration Details==
This species is a Class 2 declared plant under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
A broad leaf herbicide should be used, however due to the underground tubers the
plant often persists. Cut stumping can be used to allow access to large infestations.
Hand pulling plant material will usually require follow up foliar spraying of regrowth.
Care should be taken to monitor site as underground tuberous root system can
often need direct injection of herbicide to completely control infestation.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Thunbergia

2012-05-14T03:37:06Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Thunbergia annua, T fragrans'' and ''T laurifolia'' ==Description== ''Thunbergia l..."

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''Thunbergia annua, T fragrans'' and ''T laurifolia''

==Description==
''Thunbergia laurifolia'' is a vigorous twining perennial vine.''Thunbergia fragrans'' is a small
vine with slender climbing stems.

'''Leaves '''are arranged opposite each other on the stem. The ''Thunbergia laurifolia'' has
an oval narrowing to a pointed tip, up to 15 centimetres long and 10 centimetres
wide. Smaller leaves are usually smooth-edged. The leaves of ''Thunbergia fragrans''
have entire to finely toothed sinuate margins. They are 5 to 10 centimetres long and
have a blade ovate to arrowhead shape.

'''Flowers''' on the ''Thunbergia laurifolia'' are pale blue tubular with yellow throat petals
up to 8 centimetres long. It flowers all year round. ''Thunbergia fragrans'' has white
flowers that are 3 centimetres long and 5 centimetres wide.
''Thunbergia annua'' is an erect, annual herb which grows up to 35 centimetres high.
The leaves are smooth and arranged in opposite pairs along the stem. It has not
been found in Australia to date.

'''Habitat''' occurs mostly along riparian zones and coastal streams.

'''Weed characteristics''' it climbs and blankets native vegetation often pulling down
mature trees with its weight. It limits natural growth of lower layers of vegetation. It
spreads quickly, and the large tubers may cause damage to structures.

'''Dispersal''' occurs when root pieces are transported along river banks during floods.
It is also dispersed in earth removed for fill or other soil use.

==Declaration Details==
These species are Class 1 declared plants under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
A broad leaf herbicide is effective on this weed. Cut stumping can be used to allow
access to large infestations. Hand pulling of plant material will usually require follow
up foliar spraying of regrowth. Care should be taken to monitor site as underground
tuberous root system can often need direct injection of herbicide to completely
control infestation.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Weed Control

2012-05-14T03:28:23Z

Pasture Management:

Singapore Daisy

2012-05-14T03:22:16Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Sphagneticola trilobata'' ==Description== This is a vigorous perennial creeper wit..."

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<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Sphagneticola trilobata''

==Description==
This is a vigorous perennial creeper with stems up to 2 metres long. The stems are
pink with small hairs.

'''Leaves''' are bright green and rough with toothed edges. They are arranged in pairs
opposite each other along the stem and have 3 lobes.

'''Flowers''' resemble bright yellow daisies which are 2 centimetres wide on short stalks
above the leaves. It flowers during spring, summer and autumn.

'''Habitat''' it prefers sandy or well drained soils in coastal areas, such as sand dunes,
and creek lines. It prefers moist environments but can adapt to drier climates.

'''Weed characteristics''' it is a vigorous plant that will outcompete the natural habitat.
It spreads rapidly and smothers seedlings, ferns and shrubs.

'''Dispersal''' is mainly by cuttings from slashing and pruning.

==Declaration Details==
This species is a Class 3 declared plant under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
Effective control can be achieved using foliar spraying with a broad leaf herbicide,
but no registered herbicides can be used on or near water. Hand pulling and digging
out of runners for small infestations will require repeat removal when regrowth
occurs. Preplanning of revegetation including mulching can assist in control. As it
can reproduce vegetative from a small segment care should be taken to dispose of
waste by burning or placing in black plastic bag and leaving in the sun for at least 48
hours.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Ivy Gourd

2012-05-14T03:20:45Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Coccinea grandis'' ==Description== Ivy gourd is a vigorous perennial vine smotheri..."

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<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Coccinea grandis''

==Description==
Ivy gourd is a vigorous perennial vine smothering over vegetation, including trees up
to 8 to 10 metres in height.

'''Leaves''' are heart shaped or pentagonal, often with toothed margins, up to 10 cm
wide and long. Leaves are arranged alternately on the stem.

'''Flowers''' are white with 5 petals that are fused at the base to form a cup.

'''Seeds''' ripe fruit are red, cigar shaped, 25 to 60 mm long, containing multiple tan
coloured seeds 6 to 7 millimetres long.

'''Habitat''' Ivy gourd prefers riparian forest or along drainage lines, particularly in
disturbed areas. It is likely to prefer seasonally wet areas of the dry tropics.

'''Weed characteristics''' this vine has demonstrated a high tolerance to salinity, so
could potentially invade coastal areas. Where stems touch the ground, the vine
produces adventitious roots which thicken and swell into underground tubers. It has
been known to grow up to 10 cm per day and smothers native vegetation. It invades
gardens and is a known agricultural weed.

'''Dispersal''' Seeds are spread by birds and wild pigs, but most dispersal is by humans

==Declaration Details==
This vine is not yet declared in Queensland.

==How to act==
Successful treatments include both cut stump and basal bark treatments particularly
if herbicide application extends to the exposed tubers. Small plants can be
removed by hand. Hand pulling of plant material may require follow up foliar
spraying of regrowth. Care should be taken to monitor site as underground
tuberous root system can often need direct injection of herbicide to completely
control infestation.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Dutchman's Pipe (Exotic)

2012-05-14T03:19:07Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Aristolochia spp.'' ==Description== Dutchman’s pipe is a fast growing vine that ..."

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''Aristolochia spp.''

==Description==
Dutchman’s pipe is a fast growing vine that can reach 3 metres high.
Leaves are up to 75 millimetres long, glossy green and heart shaped, growing closely
to form a dense mat of foliage.

'''Stems''' are woody, slender and twine tightly in coils around any supporting structure.

'''Flowers''' the name arose from its’ flowers which are shaped like a traditional
Dutchman’s pipe. These flowers are strikingly coloured reddish-purple and marked
with white and yellow.

'''Habitat''' it is popular in gardens and suburban backyards and prefers moist, fertile
soils.

'''Weed characteristics''' it is a prime invader of rainforests. It resembles the natural
food plants of butterflies but poisons the larvae when they begin to feed. It
threatens the survival of the rare birdwing butterfly.

'''Dispersal''' produces large amounts of seeds that fall and spread.

==Declaration Details==
Dutchman’s pipe is a Class 3 declared plant under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
Physical removal of all plant parts can be effective. Cut stump or foliar spraying with
glyphosphate can also provide good control. Follow up monitoring and control is
recommended as often requires a second application for complete control and can
regrow vegetatively.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Cats Claw Creeper

2012-05-14T02:57:05Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Macfadyena unguis-cati'' ==Description== This is a perennial, woody vine which is ..."

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<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Macfadyena unguis-cati''

==Description==
This is a perennial, woody vine which is an aggressive climber. It has an extensive
root system with underground tubers.

'''Leaves''' each have 2 leaflets with a 3 clawed tendril (the cat’s claw) growing between
them. They are dark green and are arranged opposite each other on the stem.

'''Flowers''' are bright yellow, bell shaped and approximately 3 centimetres wide. It
flowers during spring and summer.
Seeds are contained within very long, narrow and flat pods on the vine. The seed
pods are flat and are 1 centimetre wide and up to 30 centimetres long.

'''Habitat''' along creek systems and neglected areas and is mainly found in coastal
regions.

'''Weed''' characteristics has the ability to completely smother native vegetation,
growing up over trees.

'''Dispersal''' seeds are water dispersed, allowing the vine to spread along water
courses.

==Declaration Details==
This species is a Class 3 declared plant under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
Foliar spraying with a broad leaf herbicide and mechanical removal are
recommended. Basal barking the stems can also be effective.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Asparagus Fern

2012-05-14T02:20:48Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Protoasparagus spp.'' ==Description== This is a dense, highly branched scrambler w..."

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<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Protoasparagus spp.''

==Description==
This is a dense, highly branched scrambler which grows up to 2 metres high. There
are about 100 species of asparagus ferns worldwide. Four species have naturalised
in Australia. Three are invasive weeds; basket or asparagus fern, climbing asparagus
fern and feathered asparagus fern.

'''Stems''' are long, thorny and often intertwined.

'''Leaves''' are small, thin, pointed and up to 2.5 centimetres long.

'''Flowers''' are 3 to 5 millimetres long, pinkish-white and bell-shaped, occurring mostly
in spring and summer, although they can still be present in early winter.

'''Fruit''' is a berry which is green when immature and red when mature. It may be
present all year round.

'''Habitat''' it grows well on dunes, headlands and gullies, often becoming the dominant
ground cover.

'''Weed''' characteristics is highly adaptable and aggressive, competing with and
displacing native species.

'''Dispersal''' is achieved through birds eating the berries.

==Declaration Details==
This species is a Class 3 declared plant in under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
Spraying with a broadleaf selective herbicide is the best control method. Due to
the underground tubers ongoing monitoring for regrowth is essential. Early control
of infestations is important as once established very difficult to control.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Tobacco Weed

2012-05-14T02:19:01Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Elephantopus mollis'' ==Description== This is an aggressive, slender, fast growing..."

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''Elephantopus mollis''

==Description==
This is an aggressive, slender, fast growing herb. Mature plants grow up to 1.5
metres high. The hairy stem is erect and sparsely branched, becoming woody at the
base when mature.

'''Leaves''' are oval and scattered alternately along the stems and occur mostly at the
base. They are 10 to 20 centimetres long and up to 5 centimetres wide. The upper
surfaces are rough and hairy and under surfaces are hairy and resinous.

'''Flowers''' are small and white (rarely pink) and form in clusters at the tips of the
stems and side shoots. Three small leaf-like bracts cup each cluster. It flowers all
year round.

'''Seeds''' are small, long and brown to greyish-black and have bristle-like hairs on the
top.

'''Habitat''' it grows in fertile soils needing good rainfall.

'''Weed characteristics''' are dense masses of seedlings that can grow through and
smother healthy, thick pastures. It is a major threat to beef and dairy industries. The
plant is not a nutritious feed for cattle and reduces pasture productivity.

'''Dispersal''' seeds are mostly spread by water, in the coats of animals and on
machinery. It can also be spread by wind.

==Declaration Details==
This species is a Class 2 declared plant under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
Slashing of thick infestations to promote vegetative growth prior to spraying with a
broad leaf selective herbicide can be effective for initial control. Follow up spraying
to control emergent seedlings is essential. Ongoing monitoring and follow up
control is required due to the large seed bank. Fire can also be effective in the dry
season. Good machinery hygiene to prevent further spread is important.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Noogoora Burr

2012-05-14T02:17:07Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Xanthium strumarium'' (''syn occidentale'' and ''pungens'') ==Description== This i..."

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<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Xanthium strumarium'' (''syn occidentale'' and ''pungens'')

==Description==
This is an annual branched herb that grows to 2.5 metres high.

'''Stems''' are purple tinged and rough to touch.

'''Leaves''' are roughly textured, dark green with purple veins, growing to about 15
centimetres wide with minute bristles. There are 3 to 5 large lobes. The lower
leaves are arranged opposite each other on the stem and the upper leaves are
arranged on alternate areas of the stem.

'''Flowers''' occur in the leaf axils towards the end of the branches. It flowers all year
round.

'''Seeds''' are brown hairy burrs about 2 to 3 centimetres long. They have spines at the
end containing 2 seeds in separate compartments.

'''Habitat''' it is found along river and creek flats, on roadsides and in pasture land
following seasonal rain or floods.

'''Weed characteristics''' seeds are poisonous to stock and the burrs contaminate
wool.

'''Dispersal''' is by seeds in burrs which attach to animals, clothing and bags.

==Declaration Details==
This species is not a declared plant under Queensland legislation although its control
is recommended.

==How to act==
Foliar spraying of this weed is very effective as it is an annual plant it can be treated
before it seeds. Hand pulling or mechanical control of small or isolated plants can
also be conducted before flowering.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Mother of Millions

2012-05-14T01:13:16Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Bryophyllum delagoense'' and ''B. daigremontianum x B. delagoense; Syn. Bryophyllum..."

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<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Bryophyllum delagoense'' and ''B. daigremontianum x B. delagoense; Syn.
Bryophyllum tubiflorum'' and ''B. daigremontianum x B. tubiflorum''

==Description==
This perennial plant is erect, smooth, fleshy and succulent; growing to 1 metre or
more tall.

'''Leaves''' are boat shaped, elongated with serrations, or cylindrical.

'''Flowers''' are tall spikes in winter. Its bell shaped flowers are orange-red in colour
and form a cluster at the top of each stem. It flowers during winter and spring in the
months of June to November.

'''Habitat''' the plant establishes well in many soil types. It can be found in leaf litter or
other debris, on shallow soils in shady woodlands, and often grows on roadsides,
along fence lines and around old rubbish dumps.

'''Weed characteristics''' is highly toxic to stock and difficult to eradicate.

'''Dispersal''' it produces small plantlets along the edges of the leaves which drop
readily, develop roots and establish quickly to form a new colony. It can spread
from these areas, especially in flood, and establishes if pastures are run down. It is
adapted to dry conditions and can survive long periods of drought.

==Declaration Details==
This species is a Class 2 declared plant under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
Mechanical treatment of this weed is not recommended as it can reproduce from
broken pieces of plant. There are several herbicides approved for use on this weed
and foliar spraying can be very effective. Combine foliar spraying with an effective
fire regime and control can be achieved; however this weed often grows in rocky
areas where fire can’t penetrate. Isolated infestations or individual plants can be
hand pulled with care to be taken to remove all plant material.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Knobweed

2012-05-13T23:53:15Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Hyptis capitata'' ==Description== This is an erect, aromatic, robust perennial her..."

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<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Hyptis capitata''

==Description==
This is an erect, aromatic, robust perennial herb.

'''Stems''' it has several quadrangular branching stems that grow between 1 and 2.5
metres high.

'''Leaves''' are bright green with irregularly toothed edges. They are arranged
opposite each other and are widely spaced on the stems. The leaves grow up to 12
centimetres long and 5 centimetres wide, tapering at both ends.

'''Flowers''' are small and white in compact globular heads about 1.5 centimetres wide
on stalks to 5 centimetres long in leaf axils. It flowers during autumn.

'''Fruit''' is a four-lobed capsule dividing into 4 seed-like nutlets which, when ripe, rattle
if the plant is shaken.

'''Habitat''' knobweed grows in disturbed areas in full sunlight on heavy soils. It retains
above average moisture levels. It usually occurs on roadsides, creek banks, cultivated
headlands and run-down pastures.

'''Weed characteristics''' invasive in a large number of environments.

'''Dispersal''' seeds are spread by water and by adhering to animals, people and
vehicles.

==Declaration Details==
This species is not a declared plant under Queensland legislation but is considered a
high priority in adjacent regions and its control is recommended.

==How to act==
Slashing and spraying of this weed are effective treatments. The spraying should be
conducted at separate times but used in conjunction with slashing. Slashing on its
own will not remove this weed. Correct grazing practices can also help to control
this weed.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Kyasuma Grass

2012-05-13T23:51:29Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Cenchrus pedicellatum subsp. pedicellatum'' ==Description== Kyasuma grass is a hig..."

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<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Cenchrus pedicellatum subsp. pedicellatum''

==Description==
Kyasuma grass is a highly invasive form of annual mission grass, growing as an erect
tussock grass 1.5 to 2 metres tall.

'''Leaves''' leaf blades up to 45 centimetres long with a ring of short hairs at the base of
the leaf blade.

'''Flowers''' are soft and fluffy ‘fox tail’ in appearance, 5 to 15 cm long, cream coloured
or with a strong pink/purple tinge.

'''Seeds''' spikelets have numerous soft bristles to 2.5 cm long, particularly on the lower
half.

'''Habitat''' grasslands and open woodland in the dry tropics.

'''Weed characteristics''' this grass is quick growing, unpalatable to livestock and
outcompetes native species. It can invade into native and improved grassland areas,
displacing desirable plants, reducing carrying capacity for stock and significantly
altering fuel loads and fire regimes.

'''Dispersal''' seeds are easily dispersed by wind, water, animals and humans.

==Declaration Details==
This grass is not yet declared in Queensland.

==How to act==
The grass must be prevented from setting seed. Small infestations can be removed
by hand but larger infestations should be foliar sprayed before they set seed.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Swamp Foxtail

2012-05-13T23:46:15Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Pennisetum alopecuroides'' ==Description== This is a clump forming perennial grass..."

New page

<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Pennisetum alopecuroides''

==Description==
This is a clump forming perennial grass which grows to one metre tall and 60
centimetres wide. Leaves are mid to dark green and are rough textured.

'''Flowers''' are feathery, yellowy-green to purple. Flower heads grow to 14 centimetres
long. It flowers in summer and autumn.

'''Habitat''' it grows in moist areas and along watercourses.

'''Weed characteristics''' it grows very vigorously. It can generate fuel loads, creating
destructive wildfires and displaces desirable native and pasture grasses.

'''Dispersal''' is known to strongly self-seed.

==Declaration Details==
This species is not a declared weed under Queensland legislation although its
control is recommended.

==How to act==
This plant can be controlled by spot spraying with an appropriate herbicide. Painting
the leaf blades with a wiper covered in chemical-soaked wick or carpet may be used
to control early growth. For scattered plants or isolated infestations hand chip, bag
and removal of stool from paddock and burn.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Elephant Grass

2012-05-13T23:41:42Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Cenchrus purpureus'' ==Description== Elephant grass is a tufted perennial grass th..."

New page

<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Cenchrus purpureus''

==Description==
Elephant grass is a tufted perennial grass that can grow in stands up to 4 metres
high. It is similar in appearance to sugarcane but has narrower leaves and does not
grow to the same height (cane will grow to 6 metres).

'''Leaves''' are pale green up to 4 centimetres wide with a strong midrib tapering to a
fine point. Flowers are large and range in colour from yellow to purple and can be
up to 30 centimetres long. Each flower head has fine bristles along the spike.

'''Habitat''' it can grow wild on roadsides and is common in coastal areas or riparian
and other moist areas.

'''Weed characteristics''' it forms bamboo-like, densely tufted clumps that invade
bushland vegetation. It can persist in disturbed areas, outcompeting native
vegetation.

'''Dispersal''' garden plantings and dumping of garden waste in bushland are the
main sources of infestation. Unmanaged forage plantings that are not grazed also
contribute to infestations.

==Declaration Details==
Elephant grass is not a declared plant under Queensland legislation, however its
control is recommended.

==How to act==
As the the plants are normally very tall, it is advisable to slash the plant and use
herbicide to control the regrowth. This plant can be controlled by spot spraying
with an appropriate herbicide. For scattered plants or isolated infestations hand
chip, bag and removal of stool from paddock and burn.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Parramatta Grass

2012-05-13T23:39:51Z

Description:

Giant Rat Tails Grass

2012-05-13T23:39:29Z

moved [[Giant Rat Tails Grass]] to [[Giant Rat's Tail Grass]] wrong spelling

Giant Parramatta Grass

2012-05-13T23:39:12Z

Description:

Parramatta Grass

2012-05-13T23:38:29Z

Parramatta Grass

2012-05-13T23:34:18Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Tamarix aphylla'' ==Description== This is a perennial grass which grows up to 50 c..."

New page

<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Tamarix aphylla''

==Description==
This is a perennial grass which grows up to 50 centimetres tall and has fibrous roots.
Parramatta grass is similar in appearance to [[Giant Rats Tail Grass|giant rat’s tail grass]] and it can be difficult
to tell them apart.

'''Leaves''' are blue-green, up to 5 millimetres wide, six to 18 centimetres long, and can
be erect or spreading.

'''Flowers''' are dark green, a 2 to 20 centimetre spike-like panicle and up to 2
centimetre spikelets. Seed heads are green, up to 20 centimetres long. The seeds
are brown and about 1 millimetre wide.

'''Habitat''' wet swampy areas but prefers areas with compacted soil and roadsides.

'''Weed characteristics''' invades pastures and replaces productive grasses and is
known to dominate wetlands.

'''Dispersal''' It spreads mainly in soil on machinery and vehicles. The seeds become
sticky when damp and can adhere to animals and clothes.

==Declaration Details==
Parramatta grass is a Class 2 declared plant under Queensland legislation.

==How to act==
Spraying with an appropriate herbicide is very effective. There are herbicides
designed to only take out sporobolus grasses without harming other species. For
scattered plants or isolated infestations hand chip, bag and removal of stool from
paddock and burn. Grazing management methods can gain positive ongoing control.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Giant Rat Tails Grass

2012-05-13T23:32:37Z

Description:

Giant Panamatta Grass

2012-05-13T23:31:13Z

moved [[Giant Panamatta Grass]] to [[Giant Parramatta Grass]] Wrong spelling

Giant Panamatta Grass

2012-05-13T23:30:44Z

Description:

Giant Rat Tails Grass

2012-05-13T23:28:58Z

Description:

Johnson Grass

2012-05-13T23:19:27Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Sorghum halepense'' ==Description== This is a slender plant with numerous erect st..."

New page

<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Sorghum halepense''

==Description==
This is a slender plant with numerous erect stems that grow up to 2 metres high.

'''Leaves''' are long, narrow and smooth, growing to 30 to 60 centimetres long and 2
centimetres wide. They have a prominent white midvein and hairs at the base of the
upper surface; otherwise the leaves remain smooth and hairless. They are arranged
on alternate areas of the stem.

'''Flower''' heads are often purple in colour, 25 to 45 centimetres long and 3 to 15
centimetres wide which open when mature. Little spikes are located in pairs or
threes along the branches.

'''Seeds''' are usually dark brown or black when mature.

'''Habitat''' it is found on agricultural land, road sides, disturbed and wet areas, railway
easements and canal banks.

'''Weed characteristics''' it can spread rapidly onto cultivated lands. It can be toxic
to livestock especially during periods of new growth. It is difficult to control. It can
cross-pollinate with other sorghums, causing seed contamination.

'''Dispersal''' it spreads by wind, vehicles/machinery and animals.

==Declaration Details==
This species is not a declared plant under Queensland legislation although its control
is recommended.

==How to act==
This plant can be controlled by spot spraying with an appropriate herbicide. Painting
the leaf blades with a wiper covered in chemical-soaked wick or carpet may be an
effective treatment if growth rates are appropriate.

[[Category:Weeds]]

Athel Pine

2012-05-13T23:17:40Z

Category:WONS

2012-05-13T01:12:03Z

Paragrass

2012-05-13T01:10:06Z

Itch Grass

2012-05-11T05:52:46Z

Created page with " <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;"> ''Rottboellia cochinchinensis'' ==Description== Erect annual perennial grass grows t..."

New page

<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">

''Rottboellia cochinchinensis''

==Description==
Erect annual perennial grass grows to 3 metres. It is also a free-floating water weed.

'''Stems''' are cylindrical, hollow and branched from the upper nodes.

'''Leaves''' are arranged opposite each other on the stem. They are flat and blue-green
in colour and are covered in stiff hairs.

'''Flower''' heads branch from the upper nodes and have spikes that are up to 10
centimetres long. It flowers during spring and summer.

'''Habitat''' itch grass is usually found in stands of sugarcane or around headlands in
Queensland.

'''Weed characteristics''' stiff hairs cause irritation to pedestrians moving through it. It
is an aggressive perennial grass that is highly adaptable to land and water.

'''Dispersal''' seeds are the only means of propagation.

==Declaration Details==
This species not a declared plant under Queensland legislation although its control is
recommended.

==How to act==
This plant can be controlled by spot spraying with an appropriate herbicide. Painting
the foliage with a wiper covered in chemical-soaked wick or carpet may be an
effective treatment if growth rates are appropriate.

[[Category:Weeds]]

African Fountain Grass

2012-05-11T05:51:17Z

Description:

Bamboo

2012-05-11T05:50:29Z

Description:

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:55, 14 May 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+
		+	<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">
		+
	''Pistia stratiotes''		''Pistia stratiotes''

−	~~Invasive Water~~ Weed	+	==Description==
		+	This spongy perennial resembles a small, floating, open head of lettuce.
		+
		+	'''Leaves''' are a floating rosette of pale green, fan shaped and covered with hairs. The
		+	leaves are up to 14 centimetres long and 8 centimetres wide.
		+
		+	'''Flowers''' when mature the plants produce lots of small, green flowers in their centre,
		+	between 7 to 12 millimetres long. A membrane separates the male and female
		+	flowers.
		+
		+	'''Fruit''' resembles a berry, 5 to 8 centimetres wide.
		+
		+	'''Seeds''' are small and oblong and are tapered at each end.
		+
		+	'''Roots''' are unbranched tufts and fibrous up to 80 centimetres long.
		+
		+	'''Habitat''' water lettuce prefers nutrient rich, stationary water bodies or slow moving
		+	streams.
		+
		+	'''Weed characteristics''' it rapidly forms dense mats covering rivers, dams and
		+	irrigation channels. It interferes with irrigation and stock watering, and large
		+	infestations can damage wildlife habitats and put children and livestock at risk if they
		+	become entangled in the roots. It can restrict water flow, increase water loss by
		+	transpiration and serve as a breeding ground for mosquitoes.
		+
		+	'''Dispersal''' it spreads both by vegetative reproduction and by seeds.
		+
		+	==Declaration Details==
		+	This species is a Class 2 declared plant under Queensland legislation.
		+
		+	==How to act==
		+	Prevention is the best control method. Control of nutrient inputs into waterways
		+	will reduce rate of infestation. Early detection and rapid response will provide the
		+	best chance of control. Integrated control combining mechanical, biological and
		+	chemical methods with long term monitoring and follow up is required. Hand
		+	removal of small infestations is recommended. Biological control agents have proven
		+	to be effective throughout eastern Queensland. Apply herbicide strictly as per label
		+	recommendations.
		+
		+	[[Category:Weeds]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:53, 14 May 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+
		+	<div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">
		+
	''Eichhornia crassipes''		''Eichhornia crassipes''

−	~~Invasive~~ water weed	+	==Description==
		+	This floating perennial water weed has a black root system and erect stems that can
		+	reach up to 1 metre long when the plant is fully matured.
		+
		+	'''Leaves''' are dark green rounded and waxy up to 5 centimetres wide. Leaf stalks are 5
		+	to 20 centimetres long and are swollen into spongy, bulbous dense clusters.
		+
		+	'''Flowers''' are light purple with a darker bluish-purple and yellow centre. They are
		+	up to 4 centimetres long on dense spikes that are 50 centimetres long, with 3 to 15
		+	flowers per spike. It flowers during summer and autumn.
		+
		+	'''Fruit''' are 3 celled capsules with small seeds that are viable for 15 years.
		+
		+	'''Habitat''' it prefers water with high nutrient content such as areas contaminated by
		+	sewage plant outflow and washings from stockyards.
		+
		+	'''Weed characteristics''' it invades creeks, rivers and dams as dense mats spread
		+	across water surfaces and infestations can double in size every week under ideal
		+	conditions. It destroys native habitats, depletes water bodies of oxygen, increases
		+	water loss and provides a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Stock may have difficulty
		+	accessing drinking water.
		+
		+	'''Dispersal''' it grows from seed and through vegetative reproduction.
		+
		+	==Declaration Details==
		+	This species is a Class 2 declared plant under Queensland legislation.
		+
		+	==How to act==
		+	Prevention is the best control method. Early detection and rapid response will
		+	provide the best chance of control. Control of nutrient inputs into waterways will
		+	reduce rate of infestation. Integrated control combining mechanical, biological
		+	and chemical methods with long term monitoring and follow up required. Hand
		+	removal of small infestations is recommended, with ongoing monitoring and follow
		+	up required due to persistent seed viability. Biological control agent is effective
		+	in reducing plant vigour but does not provide complete control. Apply herbicide
		+	strictly as per label recommendations.
		+
		+	[[Category:Weeds]]

@@ Line 106: / Line 106: @@
 This method involves using a parasite, insect, or disease to control a pest. Ideally
 the biological control is a highly specialised organism that only attacks the weed and
-nothing else. An example is the use of the Cactoblastis moth to control prickly pear.<br>
+nothing else. An example is the use of the Cactoblastis moth to control [[Prickly Pear|prickly pear]].<br>
-−
 ===Burning===

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
-Between 1877 and 1934 there were a number of common problems - pigs, weeds ([[Lantana]], [[Prickly Pear]] and [[Chinee Apple]]), the removal of timber and soil and bushfires started by shooting parties. Weed infestations are still a problem today. Between the period 1918 and 1922 the proposal to protect the area for native birds and the prohibition of shooting on the common attracted a lot of conflicts within the community.
+Between 1877 and 1934 there were a number of common problems - pigs, [[:Category:Weeds|weeds]] ([[Lantana]], [[Prickly Pear]] and [[Chinee Apple]]), the removal of timber and soil and bushfires started by shooting parties. Weed infestations are still a problem today. Between the period 1918 and 1922 the proposal to protect the area for native birds and the prohibition of shooting on the common attracted a lot of conflicts within the community.
 ==References==
 * [http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/parks/townsville/culture.html EPA description of Nature at the Townsville Town Common]

@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 edge.<br>
-Some control methods available include mechanical, chemical, biological, slashing, burning and hand
+Some control methods available include [[Weed Control#Mechanical Control|mechanical]], [[Weed Control#Chemical Control|chemical]], [[Weed Control#Biological Control|biological,]] [[Weed Control#Slashing|slashing]], [[Weed Control#Burning|burning]] and [[Weed Control#Physical Control|hand
-removal practices. Some weeds will need two step-by-step methods to remove.<br>
+removal practices]]. Some weeds will need two step-by-step methods to remove.<br>
 When using herbicides to treat weeds always ensure you follow the product label instructions
@@ Line 131: / Line 131: @@
 ===Solarisation===
-Small infestations of weedy grasses or herbs such as Singapore daisy can be killed by
+Small infestations of weedy grasses or herbs such as [[Singapore Daisy]] can be killed by
 slashing them low to the ground and pegging a sheet of black plastic over the top of
 them for more than a month. This prevents them from photosynthesising and the
@@ Line 146: / Line 146: @@
 other ground cover is necessary to out-compete weeds and prevent them from
 establishing.
+<br>
 ===Chemical Control===

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 This is a robust, erect, clump-forming perennial aquatic weed that is attached to the
 waterway floor. It can grow up to 1 metre high and its stem has a milky sap.
 Leaves are pale green, velvety and up to 28 centimetres long and 20 centimetres
 wide with parallel veins. The leaf blade is narrow when young and becomes more
 oval with age. They are arranged opposite each other on the stem.
 Flowers during spring and summer and has up to 15 yellow, cup shaped flowers on
 long triangular stalks arising in the leaf axils.
 Seed capsules produced after flowering split into 12 to18 crescent shaped pieces
 which contain numerous brown seeds.
 Habitat it is found growing in saturated, fertile and muddy conditions.
-Weed characteristics it can invade wetlands, rivers and dams. It can restrict water
+'''Habitat''' it is found growing in saturated, fertile and muddy conditions.
 flow and become a silt trap. It is a good breeding area for mosquitoes.
 Dispersal it reproduces from cuttings, detached leaves and stems, and by the
 numerous seeds. Seeds are spread by water, birds and animals and by mud sticking
 to vehicles, machinery and foot wear.

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 ==How to act==
-Hot fires, foliar spraying and chemical injection in the plant work well on infestations.
+Hot fires, foliar spraying and chemical injection in the plant work well on infestations.Mechanical treatments are not effective and can spread the weed further. The best long term control is biological. However, this is often not effective in coastal areas subject to salt-laden wind.
 Mechanical treatments are not effective and can spread the weed further. The best
 long term control is biological. However, this is often not effective in coastal areas
 subject to salt-laden wind.
 [[Category:Weeds]]

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 ==Description==
 This is a perennial grass which grows up to 50 centimetres tall and has fibrous roots.
-Parramatta grass is similar in appearance to [[Giant Rat Tail Grass|giant rat’s tail grass]] and it can be difficult
+Parramatta grass is similar in appearance to [[Giant Rat's Tail Grass|giant rat’s tail grass]] and it can be difficult
 to tell them apart.

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 '''Leaves''' when mature are tough blades. Giant Parramatta grass looks very similar to
-[[Giant Rat Tails Grass|giant rat’s tail grass]] and can be difficult to tell apart.
+[[Giant Rat's Tail Grass|giant rat’s tail grass]] and can be difficult to tell apart.
 '''Seed '''heads can be up to 50 centimetres long and between 1 and 2 centimetres

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 <div class="noprint" style="float:center;width:60%;background-color:#fff;padding:3px;">
-''Tamarix aphylla''
+''Sporobolus africanus''
 ==Description==
 This is a perennial grass which grows up to 50 centimetres tall and has fibrous roots.
-Parramatta grass is similar in appearance to [[Giant Rats Tail Grass|giant rat’s tail grass]] and it can be difficult
+Parramatta grass is similar in appearance to [[Giant Rat Tail Grass|giant rat’s tail grass]] and it can be difficult
 to tell them apart.

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 woody roots. The plant is drought tolerant and fire resistant.<br>
-Leaves are minute, dull green and resemble pine tree needles.
+'''Leaves''' are minute, dull green and resemble pine tree needles.
-Flowers are small pinkish-white without stalks, growing on 3 to 4 centimetre long
+'''Flowers''' are small pinkish-white without stalks, growing on 3 to 4 centimetre long
 spikes.<br>
-Fruit is bell-shaped with a hairy tuft.<br>
+'''Fruit''' is bell-shaped with a hairy tuft.<br>
-Seeds are numerous, cylindrical and have a tuft of fine hairs.<br>
+'''Seeds''' are numerous, cylindrical and have a tuft of fine hairs.<br>
-Habitat it forms dense stands along inland rivers and consumes water quickly,
+'''Habitat''' it forms dense stands along inland rivers and consumes water quickly,
 reducing watering holes. It is well suited to dry rangelands and is tolerant of saline
 and alkaline soils.<br>
-Weed characteristics are that the plant displaces all others. It can draw up saline
+'''Weed characteristics''' are that the plant displaces all others. It can draw up saline
 water and deposit salt in its fallen leaves, preventing other plants growing under the
 tree. It forms dense infestations making it harder and more expensive to muster
 livestock.<br>
-Dispersal seeds are easily dispersed by wind and water and may also be spread by
+'''Dispersal''' seeds are easily dispersed by wind and water and may also be spread by
 animals. It will also grow from suckers.

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:12, 13 May 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	In 1998, Australian ~~governments~~ endorsed a framework to identify which [[:Category:Weeds\|weed species]] could be considered WONS within an agricultural, forestry and environmental context.<br>	+	In 1998, The Australian government endorsed a framework to identify which [[:Category:Weeds\|weed species]] could be considered WONS within an agricultural, forestry and environmental context.<br>

	States and territories nominated 71 weed species to be assessed and ranked under this framework. Four major criteria were used in determining WONS:<br>		States and territories nominated 71 weed species to be assessed and ranked under this framework. Four major criteria were used in determining WONS:<br>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Image:Paragrass Pic2.jpg|thumb|right|Paragrass]]
 [[Image:Paragrass pic.JPG|thumb|right|Paragrass]]
-Paragrass is an exotic grass species that generally occurs in wet areas. In very low lying areas, [[Hymenachne| hymenachne]] generally outcometes paragrass.
+Paragrass is an exotic grass species that generally occurs in wet areas. In very low lying areas, [[Hymenachne| hymenachne]] generally outcompetes paragrass.
 [[Category:Weeds]]

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 This is an erect, densely-tufted perennial which grows to 1 metre tall and may live
 for up to 20 years.
 Leaf blades are very coarse to touch. They are folded or flat and mostly eight to
 centimetres long. Flowers are distinctive feathery and pinkish. Flowering occurs
 during spring and summer; from September to February.
 Seed head is a pink, feathery spike, 10 to 25 centimetres long and up to 1.6
 centimetres wide.
 Habitat it invades dry, hot sites and has been planted in gardens and along road
 sides.
 Weed characteristics it is a highly invasive, fire adapted coloniser that readily outcompetes
 native plants. It increases the intensity and spread of fires, resulting in
 severe damage to native dry forest species.
 Dispersal The plant produces large numbers of wind dispersed seeds, whose spread
 is almost impossible to prevent.

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 as an ornamental, and are often used as shelter belts or for erosion control.
-''Leaves'' are thick and grass-like and are arranged on alternative areas of the stem.
+'''Leaves''' are thick and grass-like and are arranged on alternative areas of the stem.
-''Flowers'' are usually insignificant and held on slender arching panicles.
+'''Flowers''' are usually insignificant and held on slender arching panicles.
-''Habitat'' it invades many different environments.
+'''Habitat''' it invades many different environments.
-''Weed characteristics'' dense stands of bamboo grow to the total exclusion of other
+'''Weed characteristics''' dense stands of bamboo grow to the total exclusion of other
 vegetation.
-''Dispersal'' shoots from buds of underground stems spread and produce new canes.
+'''Dispersal''' shoots from buds of underground stems spread and produce new canes.
 Each rhizome is capable of producing many new shoots along its length.